Inflammation
Inflammation is the reaction of vascularized living tissue to local injury because of physical damage, chemical substances or microorganisms. Inflammation is the name given to the more-or-less stereotyped ways our living tissues respond to noxious stimuli. The response consists of change in rate of blood flow, change in permeability of blood vessels and movement of cells from the blood to the tissues.
The systemic inflammatory response represents toxicity from excessive production of the cytokines and/or other white-cell products. When a living tissue is affected, inflammatory exudate occupies the affected area. The exudate takes away the proteins, fluid and cells from local blood vessels into the damaged tissues to mediate local defenses. The exudate destroys the infective causative agent present in the tissue by breaking them into pieces and sets in motion the limited powers of the body to heal by itself. Inflammation will not last for long. It is short lived. The proteases and free radicals released from inflammatory cells are can and do harm the body's own tissues.
Inflammation is said to resolve when no structural cells have been lost after the inflammatory process is complete and phagocytes has cleaned up the affected area. When the tissue has been damaged during the inflammatory process, but the body itself is not affected and is still alive, the tissue will either regenerate or be repaired by fibrous tissue. On the whole, resolution will be done. The fibrous tissue repairs the living tissue resulting in a scar. The scar tissue is also called as cicatrix, fibrosis, adhesions, gliosis, and fibroplasia.
The cardinal signs of inflammation are increase of temperature, change of color of skin, swelling, pain, malaise, anorexia, nausea, weight loss and rapid pulse rate. Sore throat, insect bite, burns and skin scratches are some of the examples of inflammations. Microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical agents, irritant substances, corrosive chemicals and tissue necrosis cause inflammations. There are differences among inflammatory reactions. Inflammation is of two types. They are:
- Acute inflammation
- Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation is almost completely stereotyped. It is a response to noxious stimuli. It lasts over minutes to a few days. The blood vessels dilate and leak, and neutrophils enter the surrounding tissues. Chronic inflammation is also known as late-phase inflammation. It is more variable, with variable participation by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and healing cells such as fibroblasts and angioblasts. Mononuclear phagocytes are the key element in both acute and chronic inflammation. The hallmark of chronic inflammation is infiltration of tissue with mononuclear inflammatory cells like monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Generally, good tissue has been destroyed, and there will be some evidence of healing such as scarring, fibroblast proliferation, and angioblast proliferation.
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